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Trial details imported from ClinicalTrials.gov
For full trial details, please see the original record at
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00751881
Registration number
NCT00751881
Ethics application status
Date submitted
7/05/2008
Date registered
12/09/2008
Date last updated
7/07/2016
Titles & IDs
Public title
An Efficacy Study of Teriflunomide in Participants With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Scientific title
A Multi-center Double-blind Parallel-group Placebo-controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Teriflunomide in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Secondary ID [1]
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2007-004452-36
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Secondary ID [2]
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EFC10531
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Universal Trial Number (UTN)
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Trial acronym
TOWER
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Linked study record
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Health condition
Health condition(s) or problem(s) studied:
Multiple Sclerosis
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0
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Condition category
Condition code
Intervention/exposure
Study type
Interventional
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Description of intervention(s) / exposure
Treatment: Drugs - Placebo
Treatment: Drugs - Teriflunomide
Experimental: Teriflunomide 7 mg / 14 mg - Core treatment period: Teriflunomide 7 mg once daily. Extension treatment period: Teriflunomide 14 mg once daily.
Experimental: Teriflunomide 14 mg / 14 mg - Core treatment period: Teriflunomide 14 mg once daily. Extension treatment period: Teriflunomide 14 mg once daily.
Placebo comparator: Placebo / Teriflunomide 14 mg - Core treatment period: Placebo (for teriflunomide) once daily. Extension treatment period: Teriflunomide 14 mg once daily.
Treatment: Drugs: Placebo
Film-coated tablet
Oral administration
Treatment: Drugs: Teriflunomide
Film-coated tablet
Oral administration
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Intervention code [1]
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Treatment: Drugs
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Comparator / control treatment
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Control group
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Outcomes
Primary outcome [1]
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Core Treatment Period: Annualized Relapse Rate (ARR): Poisson Regression Estimate
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Assessment method [1]
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ARR is obtained from the total number of confirmed relapses that occurred during the treatment period divided by the sum of treatment durations.
Each episode of relapse - appearance, or worsening of a clinical symptom that was stable for at least 30 days, that persisted for a minimum of 24 hours in the absence of fever - was to be confirmed by an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score or Functional System scores.
To account for the different treatment durations among participants, a Poisson regression model with robust error variance was used (total number of confirmed relapses as response variable; log-transformed treatment duration as "offset" variable; treatment group, region of enrollment and baseline EDSS stratum as covariates).
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Timepoint [1]
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Core treatment period between 48 - 152 weeks depending on time of enrollment
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Secondary outcome [1]
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Core Treatment Period: Time to Disability Progression
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Assessment method [1]
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Probability of disability progression at 24, 48, 108 and 132 weeks was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method on the time to disability progression defined as the time from randomization to first 12-week sustained disability progression \[i.e. increase from baseline of at least 1 point in EDSS score (at least 0.5 point for participants with baseline EDSS score \>5.5) that persisted for at least 12 weeks\].
Participants free of disability progression (no disability progression observed on treatment) were censored at the date of the last on-treatment EDSS evaluation.
Kaplan-Meier method consists in computing probabilities of non occurrence of event at any observed time of event and multiplying successive probabilities for time =t by any earlier computed probabilities to estimate the probability of being event-free for the amount of time t. Probability of event at time t is 1 minus the probability of being event-free for the amount of time t.
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Timepoint [1]
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Core treatment period between 48 - 152 weeks depending on time of enrollment
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Secondary outcome [2]
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Core Treatment Period: Time Without Relapse
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Assessment method [2]
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Probability of no relapse at 24, 48, 108 and 132 weeks was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method on the time to relapse defined as the time from randomization to first EDSS confirmed relapse.
Participants free of confirmed relapse (no EDSS confirmed relapse observed on treatment) were censored at the date of the last study drug intake.
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Timepoint [2]
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Core treatment period between 48 - 152 weeks depending on time of enrollment
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Secondary outcome [3]
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Core Treatment Period: Change From Baseline to Week 48 in EDSS Total Score
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Assessment method [3]
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EDSS is an ordinal scale in half-point increments that qualifies disability in participants with MS. It consists of 8 ordinal rating scales assessing 7 functional systems (visual, brainstem, pyramidal, cerebellar, sensory, bowel/bladder and cerebral) as well as ambulation.
EDSS total score ranges from 0 (normal neurological examination) to 10 (death due to MS).
Baseline adjusted least-squares means at Week 48 were estimated using a Mixed-effect model with repeated measures (MMRM) on EDSS score data (treatment group, region of enrollment, baseline EDSS stratum, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline value, and baseline-by-visit interaction as factors). All the timepoints from randomization up to Week 48 were included in the model.
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Timepoint [3]
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Baseline (before randomization), Week 12, Week 24, Week 36 and Week 48
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Secondary outcome [4]
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Core Treatment Period: Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) Total Score
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Assessment method [4]
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FIS is a participants-reported scale that qualifies the impact of fatigue on daily life in participants with MS. It consists of 40 statements that measure fatigue in 3 areas; physical, cognitive, and social.
FIS total score ranges from 0 (no problem) to 160 (extreme problem).
Baseline adjusted least-squares means at week 48 were estimated using a Mixed-effect model with repeated measures (MMRM) on FIS total score data (treatment group, region of enrollment, baseline EDSS stratum, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline value, and baseline-by-visit interaction as factors). All the timepoints from randomization up to Week 48 were included in the model.
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Timepoint [4]
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Baseline (before randomization), Week 12, Week 24 and Week 48
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Secondary outcome [5]
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Core Treatment Period: Change From Baseline to Last Visit in Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) Total Score
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Assessment method [5]
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Baseline adjusted least-squares means at last visit were estimated using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model on collected data for FIS total score (treatment group, region of enrollment, baseline EDSS stratum, visit number for the last visit and baseline value as factors).
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Timepoint [5]
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Baseline (before randomization) and up to Week 152
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Secondary outcome [6]
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Core Treatment Period: Change From Baseline to Week 48 in Short Form Generic Health Survey - 36 Items (SF-36) Summary Scores
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Assessment method [6]
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SF-36 scale is a generic, self-administered, health-related quality-of-life (QOL) instrument. It is constructed such that the 36 questions represent 8 of the most important health concepts: physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health.
Two summary scores are obtained:
* the physical health component summary score,
* the mental health component summary score.
Both scores range from 0 to 100 and a high score indicates a more favorable health state.
Baseline adjusted least-squares means at week 48 were estimated using a Mixed-effect model with repeated measures \[MMRM\] on each summary score data (treatment group, region of enrollment, baseline EDSS stratum, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, baseline value, and baseline-by-visit interaction as factors). All the timepoints from randomization up to Week 48 were included in the model.
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Timepoint [6]
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Baseline (before randomization), Week 12, Week 24 and Week 48
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Secondary outcome [7]
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Core Treatment Period: Change From Baseline to Last Visit in Short Form Generic Health Survey - 36 Items (SF-36) Summary Scores
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Assessment method [7]
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Baseline adjusted least-squares means at last visit were estimated using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model on collected data for each summary score (treatment group, region of enrollment, baseline EDSS stratum, visit number for the last visit and baseline value as factors).
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Timepoint [7]
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Baseline (before randomization) and up to Week 152
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Secondary outcome [8]
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Core Treatment Period: Overview of Adverse Events
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Assessment method [8]
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Adverse Events (AE) are any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom, syndrome, or illness observed by the investigator or reported by the participant during the study.
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Timepoint [8]
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From first study drug intake up to 112 days after last intake in the core treatment period or up to first intake in the extension treatment period, whichever occurred first
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Secondary outcome [9]
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Extension Treatment Period: Overview of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)
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Assessment method [9]
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AEs were any unfavourable and unintended sign, symptom, syndrome, or illness observed by the investigator or reported by the participant during the study.
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Timepoint [9]
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From first intake of study drug in extension treatment period up to 28 days after the last intake in the extension treatment period
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Secondary outcome [10]
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Extension Treatment Period: Time to Disability Progression
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Assessment method [10]
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Probability of disability progression since the randomization of the core period was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method on the time to disability progression defined as the time from randomization to first 12 week sustained disability progression \[i.e. increase from baseline of at least 1 point in EDSS score (at least 0.5 point for participants with baseline EDSS score \>5.5) that persisted for at least 12 weeks\].
Participants free of disability progression (no disability progression observed on treatment) were censored at the date of the last on-treatment EDSS evaluation.
Kaplan-Meier method consists in computing probabilities of non occurrence of event at any observed time of event and multiplying successive probabilities for time =t by any earlier computed probabilities to estimate the probability of being event free for the amount of time t. Probability of event at time t was 1 minus the probability of being event-free for the amount of time t.
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Timepoint [10]
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Core treatment period (maximum: 173 weeks) and Extension treatment period (maximum: 174 weeks)
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Secondary outcome [11]
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Extension Treatment Period: ARR: Poisson Regression Estimate
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Assessment method [11]
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ARR was obtained from the total number of confirmed relapses that occurred during the treatment period divided by the sum of treatment durations. A relapse is defined as the appearance of a new clinical sign/symptom or clinical worsening of a previous sign/symptom (one that had been stable for at least 30 days) that persists for a minimum of 24 hours in the absence of fever. Relapse was confirmed by an increase in EDSS score or Functional System scores. To account for the different treatment durations among participants, a Poisson regression model with robust error variance was used (total number of confirmed relapses as response variable; log-transformed treatment duration as "offset" variable; treatment group, region of enrolment and baseline EDSS stratum as covariates).
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Timepoint [11]
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Extension treatment period (Maximum: 174 weeks)
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Eligibility
Key inclusion criteria
* Relapsing multiple sclerosis,
* Two relapses in prior 2 years or one relapse in prior year.
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Minimum age
18
Years
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Maximum age
55
Years
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Sex
Both males and females
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Can healthy volunteers participate?
No
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Key exclusion criteria
* Clinically relevant cardiovascular, hepatic, neurological, endocrine or other major systemic disease,
* Significantly impaired bone marrow function or, significant anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia,
* Pregnant or nursing woman,
* Alcohol or drug abuse,
* Prior or concomitant use of cladribine, mitoxantrone, or other immunosuppressant agents such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, methotrexate or mycophenolate,
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive,
* Any known condition or circumstance that would prevent, in the investigator's opinion, compliance or completion of the study.
The above information is not intended to contain all considerations relevant to a participant's potential participation in a clinical trial.
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Study design
Purpose of the study
Treatment
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Allocation to intervention
Randomised controlled trial
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Procedure for enrolling a subject and allocating the treatment (allocation concealment procedures)
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Methods used to generate the sequence in which subjects will be randomised (sequence generation)
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Masking / blinding
Blinded (masking used)
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Who is / are masked / blinded?
The people receiving the treatment/s
The people assessing the outcomes
The people analysing the results/data
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Intervention assignment
Parallel
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Other design features
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Phase
Phase 3
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Type of endpoint/s
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Statistical methods / analysis
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Recruitment
Recruitment status
Completed
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Data analysis
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Reason for early stopping/withdrawal
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Other reasons
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Date of first participant enrolment
Anticipated
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Actual
1/08/2008
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Date of last participant enrolment
Anticipated
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Actual
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Date of last data collection
Anticipated
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Actual
1/08/2015
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Sample size
Target
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Accrual to date
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Final
1169
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Recruitment in Australia
Recruitment state(s)
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Recruitment hospital [1]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036005 - Bedford Park
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Recruitment hospital [2]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036006 - Chatswood
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Recruitment hospital [3]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036003 - Fitzroy
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Recruitment hospital [4]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036004 - Geelong
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Recruitment hospital [5]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036008 - Heidelberg
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Recruitment hospital [6]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036002 - New Lambton
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Recruitment hospital [7]
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Sanofi-Aventis Investigational Site Number 036001 - Sydney
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Recruitment postcode(s) [1]
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5042 - Bedford Park
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Recruitment postcode(s) [2]
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2067 - Chatswood
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Recruitment postcode(s) [3]
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3065 - Fitzroy
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Recruitment postcode(s) [4]
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3220 - Geelong
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Recruitment postcode(s) [5]
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3084 - Heidelberg
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Recruitment postcode(s) [6]
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2305 - New Lambton
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Recruitment postcode(s) [7]
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2050 - Sydney
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Recruitment outside Australia
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United States of America
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Arizona
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California
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Colorado
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Connecticut
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Mexico
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México
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Funding & Sponsors
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Sanofi
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Summary
Brief summary
The primary objective of the study was to assess the effect of two doses of teriflunomide, in comparison to placebo, on the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses in participants with relapsing MS. Key secondary objective was to assess the effect of the two doses of teriflunomide, in comparison to placebo, on disability progression. Other secondary objectives were: * To assess the effect of the two doses of teriflunomide in comparison to placebo on: * Fatigue; * Health-related quality of life, a measure of the impact of the participant's health on his or her overall well being. * To evaluate the safety and tolerability of teriflunomide.
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Trial website
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00751881
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Trial related presentations / publications
Confavreux C, O'Connor P, Comi G, Freedman MS, Miller AE, Olsson TP, Wolinsky JS, Bagulho T, Delhay JL, Dukovic D, Truffinet P, Kappos L; TOWER Trial Group. Oral teriflunomide for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (TOWER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Mar;13(3):247-56. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70308-9. Epub 2014 Jan 23. Comi G, Freedman MS, Meca-Lallana JE, Vermersch P, Kim BJ, Parajeles A, Edwards KR, Gold R, Korideck H, Chavin J, Poole EM, Coyle PK. Prior treatment status: impact on the efficacy and safety of teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2020 Oct 6;20(1):364. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01937-4. Miller AE, Olsson TP, Wolinsky JS, Comi G, Kappos L, Hu X, Xu X, Lublin AL, Truffinet P, Chavin J, Delhay JL, Benamor M, Purvis A, Freedman MS; TOWER investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: Results from the TOWER extension study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020 Nov;46:102438. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102438. Epub 2020 Aug 1. Qiu W, Huang DH, Hou SF, Zhang MN, Jin T, Dong HQ, Peng H, Zhang CD, Zhao G, Huang YN, Zhou D, Wu WP, Wang BJ, Li JM, Zhang XH, Cheng Y, Li HF, Li L, Lu CZ, Zhang X, Bu BT, Dong WL, Fan DS, Hu XQ, Xu XH; TOWER Trial Chinese Group. Efficacy and Safety of Teriflunomide in Chinese Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis: A Subgroup Analysis of the Phase 3 TOWER Study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018 Dec 5;131(23):2776-2784. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.246067. Freedman MS, Morawski J, Thangavelu K. Clinical efficacy of teriflunomide over a fixed 2-year duration in the TOWER study. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2018 May 16;4(2):2055217318775236. doi: 10.1177/2055217318775236. eCollection 2018 Apr-Jun. Freedman MS, Wolinsky JS, Comi G, Kappos L, Olsson TP, Miller AE, Thangavelu K, Benamor M, Truffinet P, O'Connor PW; TEMSO and TOWER Study Groups. The efficacy of teriflunomide in patients who received prior disease-modifying treatments: Subgroup analyses of the teriflunomide phase 3 TEMSO and TOWER studies. Mult Scler. 2018 Apr;24(4):535-539. doi: 10.1177/1352458517695468. Epub 2017 Mar 17.
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Public notes
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Contacts
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Sanofi
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Results publications and other study-related documents
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Journal
Confavreux C, O'Connor P, Comi G, Freedman MS, Mil...
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Results are available at
https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00751881
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