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Trial registered on ANZCTR
Registration number
ACTRN12616001199404
Ethics application status
Approved
Date submitted
24/08/2016
Date registered
31/08/2016
Date last updated
4/08/2023
Date data sharing statement initially provided
16/05/2019
Date results information initially provided
4/08/2022
Type of registration
Prospectively registered
Titles & IDs
Public title
DIAMOND - DIfferent Approaches to MOderate & late preterm Nutrition: Determinants of feed tolerance, body composition and development
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Scientific title
DIfferent Approaches to MOderate & late preterm Nutrition: Determinants of feed tolerance, body composition and development
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Secondary ID [1]
289583
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Nil known
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Universal Trial Number (UTN)
U111111810902
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Trial acronym
DIAMOND
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Linked study record
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Health condition
Health condition(s) or problem(s) studied:
Preterm nutrition
299334
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Moderate to late preterm outcomes
299335
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Neurodevelopmental outcome following preterm birth
299336
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Effect of feeding strategies on microbiome composition
299337
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Breastmilk composition of preterm babies
299338
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Growth and body composition of moderate to late preterm babies
300002
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Condition category
Condition code
Diet and Nutrition
299321
299321
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0
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Other diet and nutrition disorders
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Reproductive Health and Childbirth
299322
299322
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0
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Complications of newborn
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Intervention/exposure
Study type
Interventional
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Description of intervention(s) / exposure
Once consented participants will be randomised to one of eight conditions involving different feeding strategies. Babies will be randomized to one of eight conditions to receive either an intravenous nutrition amino acid solution or dextrose solution, supplemental milk whilst waiting for expressed breastmilk feeds or exclusively breastmilk, and taste / smell given prior to gastric tube feeds or no taste / smell prior to gastric tube feeds. The participants will receive the allocated intervention until breastmilk feeding is fully established and the intervention is no longer required.
The eight conditions are below:
Condition 1
Parenteral nutrition, breastmilk + supplemental milk to meet enteral fluid volumes,
taste/smell with tube feeds
Condition 2
Parenteral nutrition, exclusively breastmilk, taste/smell with tube feeds
Condition 3
Parenteral nutrition, breastmilk + supplemental milk to meet enteral fluid volumes, no taste and smell with tube feeds
Condition 4
Parenteral nutrition, exclusively breastmilk, no taste and smell with tube feeds
Condition 5
Intravenous dextrose solution, breastmilk + supplemental milk to meet enteral fluid volumes, taste/smell with tube feeds
Condition 6
Intravenous dextrose solution, exclusively breastmilk, taste/smell with tube feeds
Condition 7
Intravenous dextrose solution, breastmilk + supplemental milk to meet enteral fluid volumes, no taste and smell with tube feeds
Condition 8
Intravenous dextrose solution, exclusively breastmilk, no taste and smell with tube feeds
Interventions and comparators
(i) parenteral nutrition vs dextrose intravenously; (ii) supplemental milk (donor breastmilk if available, else infant formula) vs only mother’s own milk as available; (iii) infants exposed to smell and taste of milk prior to every tube feed vs no exposure (milk administered only via gastric feeding tube).
All babies will receive nutrition according to individual neonatal intensive care unit practices. The volume of fluids, parenteral fluid adjustments, amount of enteral feed and frequency of increases will as per clinician's discretion and no guidelines will be given around this. In addition, babies will be randomised to one of eight conditions. It is important to note that the first two interventions only apply until the baby is established on full enteral feeds with mothers’ own milk, which remains the primary nutritional goal. If randomised to receive smell and taste prior to tube feeds, this intervention will continue until the baby is no longer receiving any gastric tube feeds.
Parenteral nutrition: if randomised to receive parenteral the baby will receive an amino acid solution P100 (according to local hospital practice) intravenously, either by peripheral or central line as deemed appropriate. Administration of intravenous lipid is at the discretion of the clinical team, as is administration of any supplementary fluids, such as dextrose solution. Babies not randomised to parenteral nutrition will receive intravenous dextrose solution only (according to local hospital practice).
Milk supplement: if randomised to receive milk supplement, the baby will receive donor breastmilk or infant formula (according to local practice) whilst waiting for mother's breastmilk to meet prescribed fluid amounts, any breastmilk the mother provides will be given to the baby in preference of formula and formula will only be used to make up any deficit as per medical team fluid prescription. Babies with a birthweight < 2 Kg will receive preterm infant formula; babies with a birthweight > 2 Kg will receive standard infant formula. Babies not randomised to receive milk supplement will only receive mother’s breastmilk as available which is standard practice given it takes a couple of days for mother's breastmilk to come in. If the baby's birth weight is < 2000g breastmilk will be fortified once receiving 5 mL every 2 hours as is standard practice in the units. As it is a pragmatic trial we anticipate that after a certain number of days some clinician's will not be happy to wait any longer for breastmilk it will then be up to their discretion on whether to start formula or intravenous nutrition depending on their "normal"practice". We do not propose any recommendations on number of days to wait as currently there is no evidence to guide practice therefore we cannot make any assumptions. Commercially available preterm infant and standard formula will be used depending on the site.
Taste and smell: If randomised to receive taste and smell, the baby will be exposed to the taste and smell of the milk feed prior to every enteral feed. If the baby is receiving both breastmilk and supplementary formula, the smell and taste will be of breastmilk if available, but if there is insufficient breastmilk, then smell and taste can be of formula. However, if the baby is randomised to not receive supplementary infant formula then smell and taste can only be provided with breastmilk and taste should be given in preference to smell. To administer smell place 0.1 – 0.5 mL of milk onto a piece of gauze or cotton swab and place by the baby’s nose to remain in place until completion of the enteral feed. To administer taste for preterm babies give 0.2 mL of milk in a syringe on to the tip of babies tongue. Both smell and taste should be given immediately prior to administering the tube feed.
The goal for all babies enrolled in the study is to transition to full feeds of expressed breastmilk as soon as possible. If at any time the responsible clinician feels that any of the randomised interventions is no longer appropriate, they may withdraw the baby from the relevant intervention for clinical reasons. They will be encouraged to discuss this with the trial Lead Investigator, Principal Investigator or another member of Steering Group before making the decision. The baby will remain in the allocated condition group for the purposes of analysis (intention-to-treat principle).
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Intervention code [1]
295256
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Treatment: Other
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Comparator / control treatment
Absence of the intervention
For PN, the control is intravenous dextrose solution
For human milk substitute, the control is mother's milk only
For exposure to taste and smell, the control is absence of exposure to taste and smell before tube feeds.
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Control group
Active
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Outcomes
Primary outcome [1]
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For parenteral nutrition (i) and milk supplement (ii) factors: body composition assessment at 4 months’ corrected age when infant adiposity is predictive of childhood fat mass (8) measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) or skinfold thickness measurements.
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Assessment method [1]
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Timepoint [1]
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4 months corrected gestational age
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Primary outcome [2]
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For smell/taste (iii) factor, time to full enteral feeds defined as 150 ml.Kg-1.day-1
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Assessment method [2]
298883
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Timepoint [2]
298883
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Birth to discharge
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Secondary outcome [1]
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Time to full sucking feeds - Defined as removal of enteral feeding tube.
Prospective recording of data from the medical notes and nursing charts. Date of final removal will be entered into the appropriate CRF.
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Assessment method [1]
325530
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Timepoint [1]
325530
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Birth to discharge
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Secondary outcome [2]
325531
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Number of days in hospital - Assessed by date of discharge on CRF
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Assessment method [2]
325531
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Timepoint [2]
325531
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Birth to discharge
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Secondary outcome [3]
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Body composition measurement as close to discharge as feasible - measured by air displacement plethysmography (PEAPOD) or skinfold thickness (subscapular, triceps, biceps, thigh and suprailiac)
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Assessment method [3]
325532
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Timepoint [3]
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Discharge
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Secondary outcome [4]
325533
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Growth: length, weight and head circumference Z scores and Z-score change from birth to 4 months’ corrected age and at 2 years; Crown-heel length will be measured with a neonatometer. Babies will be weighed naked using electronic scales accurate to +/- 10 g. Head circumference will be measured using a non-stretch tape measure. All staff taking anthropometric measurements will be trained to ensure standardisation and accuracy. All growth data Z-scores will be calculated individually for each baby using Fenton 2013 normative data, transitioning to WHO growth standards at 50 weeks’ post-conceptional age.
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Assessment method [4]
325533
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Timepoint [4]
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Birth then weekly until discharge, 4 months corrected age and at 2 years corrected age
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Secondary outcome [5]
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Developmental assessment at 2 years’ corrected age using Bayley Scales of Infant Development Edition III
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Assessment method [5]
325535
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Timepoint [5]
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2 years corrected age
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Secondary outcome [6]
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Fully breast fed rates at 4 and 6 months’ corrected age - This outcome will be assessed through self-report of mothers through a questionnaire administered face-to-face or by phone at 4 months and by phone at 6 months. The breastfeeding survey was designed specifically for this study and has not been validated.
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Assessment method [6]
325536
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Timepoint [6]
325536
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4 and 6 months corrected age
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Secondary outcome [7]
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Gut microbial composition at 10 days of age and 4 months’ corrected age.
Gut microbiome composition assessed by transcriptomics of stool using an Illumina platform (20 million 100 bp reads per sample), reads will be filtered for quality and to remove human contamination and analysed using MetaPhlAn to enable identification of microbial species
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Assessment method [7]
326991
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Timepoint [7]
326991
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10 days of age and 4 months corrected age
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Secondary outcome [8]
326992
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In-depth analysis of maternal milk composition on day 5 and 10 days after birth and at 4 months' corrected age.
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Assessment method [8]
326992
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Timepoint [8]
326992
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Day 5, 10 and 4 months' corrected age.
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Secondary outcome [9]
327270
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Gut microbial activity at 10 days of age and 4 months’ corrected age.
Gut microbiome activity assessed by metagenomics of stool and analysed using HUMAnN to identify microbial metabolic pathways.
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Assessment method [9]
327270
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Timepoint [9]
327270
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10 days of age and 4 months corrected age
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Secondary outcome [10]
336140
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Maternal stress and anxiety questionnaire during hospital admission and at 4-month follow-up.
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Assessment method [10]
336140
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Timepoint [10]
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During hospital admission and at 4 months' corrected age follow-up
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Secondary outcome [11]
336141
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Maternal weight and height will also be assessed at the 4-month follow-up visit.
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Assessment method [11]
336141
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Timepoint [11]
336141
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4 months' corrected age
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Secondary outcome [12]
407659
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Nutritional intake for the first two weeks after birth assessed by enteral and intravenous fluids records
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Assessment method [12]
407659
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Timepoint [12]
407659
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First two weeks of age
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Eligibility
Key inclusion criteria
Babies born between 32+0 and 35+6 weeks’ gestation
Babies whose mothers intend to breast-feed
Babies admitted to the Neonatal Care Unit
Babies requiring insertion of intravenous lines on admission
Only babies admitted to the Neonatal unit will be entered to the study some healthy babies within the gestation criteria may go straight to postnatal wards and not require intensive care support. All babies within the gestation criteria will receive enteral feeds as they have immature suck, swallow, breath as per standard practice in the care and management of preterm infants. The enteral tube will remain in place until they are able to fully orally feed to meet nutritional goals and grow.
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Minimum age
No limit
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Maximum age
24
Hours
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Sex
Both males and females
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Can healthy volunteers participate?
No
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Key exclusion criteria
Babies in whom a particular mode of nutrition is clinically indicated
Babies with a congenital abnormality that is likely to affect growth, body composition or neurodevelopmental outcome
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Study design
Purpose of the study
Treatment
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Allocation to intervention
Randomised controlled trial
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Procedure for enrolling a subject and allocating the treatment (allocation concealment procedures)
Allocation not concealed from parents, babies or clinical staff
Allocation will be concealed from assessors at 4 months and 2 years.
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Methods used to generate the sequence in which subjects will be randomised (sequence generation)
Computer generated random sequence stratified by sex, gestational age (32+0 - 33+6; 34 - 35+6) and study centre.
Randomisation via a web-based interface managed by an independent database controller (IDC).
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Masking / blinding
Open (masking not used)
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Who is / are masked / blinded?
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Intervention assignment
Factorial
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Other design features
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Phase
Not Applicable
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Type of endpoint/s
Safety/efficacy
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Statistical methods / analysis
Unlike multi-arm, parallel RCT or comparative experiments, factorial experiments are designed to estimate main effects and their interactions. Each main effect and interaction analysis is, therefore, based upon the total sample size which is chosen to be large enough to detect all primary outcomes; having more factors does not increase total sample size. We have based our estimate on 90% power, overall type 1 error rate of 5%, alpha per main effect = 0.0167; estimated 10-15% loss to follow-up managed by multiple imputation. For interventions (i) and (ii): to detect a minimal clinically significant difference in % fat mass of 3% (lower 95% confidence interval) with a standard deviation of 4% and assuming a distance of 1% or more from the mean difference between the two groups with and without the intervention of interest requires 140 babies in the intervention and 140 babies without the intervention. The expected effect size is based on an estimated 3% increase in % fat mass in moderate to late preterm infants compared to term infants and an estimated 27% fat mass in term infants at 4 months of age. There are no good data on % fat mass beyond 4 months of age; therefore, this age has been used for the primary outcome. For (iii) To decrease time to full enteral feeds from 10 to 7 days (hazard ratio 1.43), requires 264 babies in the intervention and 264 in the non-intervention arms. Sample size is therefore 2 x 264=528. This sample size also provides >80% power on a one-sided test with an alpha of 0.05 to detect a decrease in the proportion of 2 year olds surviving free from neurodisability from 80% to 70%.
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Recruitment
Recruitment status
Active, not recruiting
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Date of first participant enrolment
Anticipated
6/03/2017
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Actual
29/03/2017
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Date of last participant enrolment
Anticipated
30/04/2022
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Actual
31/03/2022
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Date of last data collection
Anticipated
31/07/2024
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Actual
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Sample size
Target
528
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Accrual to date
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Final
532
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Recruitment outside Australia
Country [1]
8018
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New Zealand
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State/province [1]
8018
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Auckland and Palmerston North
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Funding & Sponsors
Funding source category [1]
294019
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Government body
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Name [1]
294019
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Health Research Council of New Zealand
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Address [1]
294019
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PO Box 5541, Wellesley Street, Auckland 1141
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Country [1]
294019
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New Zealand
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Funding source category [2]
310331
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Charities/Societies/Foundations
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Name [2]
310331
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Cure Kids
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Address [2]
310331
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96 New North Road, Eden Terrace, Auckland, New Zealand 1021
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Country [2]
310331
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New Zealand
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Primary sponsor type
Individual
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Name
Professor Frank Bloomfield
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Address
Liggins Institute
University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland 1142
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Country
New Zealand
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Secondary sponsor category [1]
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Individual
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Name [1]
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Dr Jane Alsweiler
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Address [1]
292838
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AUCKLAND HOSPITAL - Bldg 599
Level 12, Room 12052
2 PARK RD
GRAFTON
AUCKLAND 1023
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Country [1]
292838
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New Zealand
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Ethics approval
Ethics application status
Approved
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Ethics committee name [1]
295431
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HDEC
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Ethics committee address [1]
295431
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Ministry of Health
Freyberg Building
20 Aitken Street
PO Box 5013
Wellington
6011
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Ethics committee country [1]
295431
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New Zealand
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Date submitted for ethics approval [1]
295431
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21/06/2016
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Approval date [1]
295431
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22/07/2016
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Ethics approval number [1]
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16/NTA/90
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Summary
Brief summary
Our aims are to investigate the impact of different feeding strategies, all of which are in current use in NZ, on feed tolerance, body composition and on developmental outcome in MLPT babies, and to determine whether these differ by sex. We will address these aims through a factorial design randomised trial which will enable us to assess the effects of each intervention separately, whilst also exploring the effects of interactions. For the research questions being asked, this is a more appropriate and more efficient design than a multi-arm, parallel randomised controlled trial.
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Trial website
https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/liggins/in-the-community/clinical-studies/clinical-studies-preterm-babies/diamond.html
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Trial related presentations / publications
Bloomfield FH, Harding JE, Meyer MP, Alsweiler JM, Jiang Y, Wall CR, Alexander T on behalf of the DIAMOND Study Group. (2018). The DIAMOND trial - DIfferent Approaches to
Bloomfield FH, Alexander T, Muelbert M, Beker F. (2017). Smell and taste in preterm infant. Early Hum Dev 114:31-34.
MOderate & late preterm Nutrition: Determinants of feed tolerance, body composition and development: protocol of a randomised trial. BMC Ped 18:220.
Alexander T, Bloomfield FH. (2018). Nutritional management of moderate-late preterm infants: Survey of current practice. J Paediatr Child H DOI: 10.111/jpc.14201
Muelbert M, Harding JE, Bloomfield FH. (2018). Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5: CD013038.
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Public notes
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Attachments [1]
1056
1056
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/AnzctrAttachments/371006-HDEC Letter 16NTA90 Approved FULL Application with NSC.pdf
(Ethics approval)
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Attachments [2]
1801
1801
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/AnzctrAttachments/371006-HDEC_Letter_16NTA90AM02_Approved_Amendment (1).pdf
(Ethics approval)
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Contacts
Principal investigator
Name
67082
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Prof Frank Bloomfield
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Address
67082
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Liggins Institute
University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland 1142
New Zealand
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Country
67082
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New Zealand
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Phone
67082
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+64 9 9236107
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Fax
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Email
67082
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[email protected]
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Contact person for public queries
Name
67083
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Mrs Tanith Alexander
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Address
67083
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Liggins Institute
University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland 1142
New Zealand
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Country
67083
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New Zealand
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Phone
67083
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+64 9 276 0090
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Fax
67083
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Email
67083
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[email protected]
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Contact person for scientific queries
Name
67084
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Prof Frank Bloomfield
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Address
67084
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Liggins Institute
University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland 1142
New Zealand
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Country
67084
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New Zealand
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Phone
67084
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+64 9 9236107
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Fax
67084
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Email
67084
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[email protected]
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Data sharing statement
Will individual participant data (IPD) for this trial be available (including data dictionaries)?
Yes
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What data in particular will be shared?
Willing to share all clinical outcome data
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When will data be available (start and end dates)?
Available once primary outcome paper is published for 5 years
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Available to whom?
Available to reputable researchers on the basis of collaboration
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Available for what types of analyses?
Available for incorporation into an IPD meta-analysis. Possibly available for other analyses after discussion with the PIs.
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How or where can data be obtained?
Deidentified data will be available via secure electronic transfer once appropriate confidentiality and other relevant contract documentation is signed and exchanged.
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What supporting documents are/will be available?
No Supporting Document Provided
Doc. No.
Type
Citation
Link
Email
Other Details
Attachment
7637
Study protocol
Bloomfield, F. H., J. E. Harding, M. P. Meyer, J. M. Alsweiler, Y. Jiang, C. R. Wall and T. Alexander (2018). "The DIAMOND trial - DIfferent Approaches to MOderate & late preterm Nutrition: Determinants of feed tolerance, body composition and development: protocol of a randomised trial." BMC Pediatr 18(1): 220.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1195-7
7638
Informed consent form
[email protected]
7639
Ethical approval
[email protected]
Results publications and other study-related documents
Documents added manually
No documents have been uploaded by study researchers.
Documents added automatically
Source
Title
Year of Publication
DOI
Embase
Smell and taste in the preterm infant.
2017
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.09.012
Embase
The DIAMOND trial - DIfferent Approaches to MOderate & late preterm Nutrition: Determinants of feed tolerance, body composition and development: Protocol of a randomised trial.
2018
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1195-7
Embase
Factors Associated With the Microbiome in Moderate-Late Preterm Babies: A Cohort Study From the DIAMOND Randomized Controlled Trial.
2021
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.595323
Embase
Nutritional Management of Moderate- and Late-Preterm Infants Commenced on Intravenous Fluids Pending Mother's Own Milk: Cohort Analysis From the DIAMOND Trial.
2022
https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.817331
Embase
Odor-active volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk.
2022
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01556-w
Embase
Determinants of handgrip strength at age 2 years in children born moderate and late preterm and associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes.
2023
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105750
Dimensions AI
Olfactory Cues in Infant Feeds: Volatile Profiles of Different Milks Fed to Preterm Infants
2021
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.603090
N.B. These documents automatically identified may not have been verified by the study sponsor.
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